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2026 Vol.3, Issue 3 Preview Page
Blast and Ballistic Performance Enhancement of Protective Structures: A State-of-the-Art Review of Materials and Retrofit Systems

방호구조의 방폭·방탄 성능 향상 전략: 재료 및 보강시스템에 관한 종합 리뷰

Sangyoung Han1
,
Jinho Ahn2
,
Sangwoo Park3*
한 상영1
,
안 진호2
,
박 상우3*
1Graduate Student, Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart City Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Rep. of Korea
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, 01805, Rep. of Korea
3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, 01805, Rep. of Korea
1동아대학교 ICT융합해양스마트시티공학과 대학원생
2육군사관학교 토목·환경학과 조교수
3육군사관학교 토목·환경학과 교수
*Corresponding Author
31 July 2026. pp. 158-173
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This review synthesizes evidence from 86 peer-reviewed journal articles on blast and ballistic performance enhancement of reinforced concrete protective structures. The review distinguishes blast response, governed by pressure-impulse demand and interaction between local damage and global deformation, from ballistic response, governed by highly localized projectile-target interaction, penetration, perforation, and rear-face scabbing. Across both threats, compressive strength alone is an inadequate design descriptor. Tensile toughness, confinement, reinforcement continuity, direct-shear resistance, bond and anchorage, and debris retention control life-safety performance. Steel-fiber-reinforced concrete and UHPC/UHPFRC generally reduce cracking, crater size, and fragmentation, but benefits may saturate and do not automatically prevent rear-face failure without adequate thickness and reinforcement. Externally bonded or near-surface-mounted FRP, polyurea or polyisocyanate-oxazodone coatings, steel plates, steel-concrete-steel panels, and sacrificial foam or cellular claddings improve response through membrane action, fragment capture, confinement, or pulse attenuation; however, interface debonding, anchorage, added mass, local buckling, and threat-specific optimization remain decisive. Based on the synthesis, a functionally graded protection concept is proposed comprising a sacrificial hard face, an impedance-transition or energy-absorbing layer, a ductile structural core, and a rear fragment-retaining membrane. A performance-based workflow is further presented that links threat characterization, multiple failure-mode checks, hierarchical validation, residual-capacity assessment, and uncertainty treatment. Priority research needs include full-scale multi-hazard tests, combined blast-fragment loading, repeated events, aging and fire pre-damage, standardized reporting, and probabilistic design models.

Keywords
blast load
ballistic impact
UHPC
retrofit
protective structure

본 연구는 철근 콘크리트 기반 방호 구조의 방폭·방탄 성능 향상에 관한 SCIE 등재 학술지 논문 86편을 구조화된 최신 연구 동향 분석 방법으로 종합하였다. 폭발은 압력–충격량과 국부 손상–전역 변형의 상호 작용에 의해, 탄도는 발사체-표적의 국부 접촉, 관입·관통 및 후면 스캐빙에 의해 지배 되므로 두 위협을 분리하여 평가하였다. 문헌 종합 결과, 압축 강도는 중요한 변수이지만 단독으로 방호 성능을 설명하기에 부족하며, 인장 인성, 파괴 에너지, 구속, 철근의 연속성, 직접 전단과 정착, 두께 및 후면 파편 억제가 인명 안전과 잔존 일체성을 좌우하였다. 섬유 보강 콘크리트와 UHPC/UHPFRC는 균열, 크레이터 및 파편화를 효과적으로 줄였으나, 섬유량의 효과는 포화될 수 있고 철근·망·후면층이 없으면 취성 스캐빙을 완전히 방지하지 못할 수 있다. ECC/UHTCC는 인장 변형 경화와 다중 미세균열을 통해 후면 스폴링·스캐빙 및 파편화를 억제하고 잔존 일체성을 향상시키는 반면, GFRP 또는 steel-GFRP 바는 내식성 내부 인장 하중 경로를 제공한다. 다만 GFRP 바는 낮은 탄성계수, 무항복 거동, 부착·정착, 반동 및 내화성 때문에 동일 철근 면적치환이 아니라 등가 강성·강도·파단 변형률을 기준으로 설계 해야 한다. 외부 FRP, polyurea 또는 POZD, 강판과 SCS, 희생형폼·셀룰러 클래딩은 각각 인장막, 파편 포획, 구속, 펄스 감쇠기능을 제공하지만 계면 박리, 정착, 중량, 국부 좌굴 및 위협별 최적화가 성능을 제한한다. 본 연구는 희생·경질 전면층, 임피던스 전이 및 흡에너지층, ECC 또는 RC/UHPC 기반 연성 구조코어, 후면 파편 포획막으로 구성되는 기능 경사형 다층 방호개념을 제안하였다. 또한 위협정의, 다중 실패 모드검토, 계층적 실험·수치검증, 잔존 내력 및 불확실성 평가를 연결하는 성능 기반 설계 절차를 제시하였다. 향후에는 실규모 폭발-파편 복합 시험, 반복 사건, 화재·노화 선행손상, ECC-RC 계면과 GFRP 정착의 고속거동, 표준화 데이터 및 확률론적 설계 모델이 우선적으로 필요하다

키워드
폭발·충격
탄도충돌
UHPC
보강시스템
방호시설
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Information
  • Publisher :Korea Protective Facility Institute
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국방호시설학회
  • Journal Title :Protective Facility
  • Journal Title(Ko) :방호시설
  • Volume : 3
  • No :3
  • Pages :158-173
  • Received Date : 2026-06-28
  • Revised Date : 2026-07-17
  • Accepted Date : 2026-07-19
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.23310/PF.2026.3.3.158
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