All Issue

2025 Vol.2, Issue 3 Preview Page

Review Article

Investigation and Application of Blast Loads and Current Guidelines for Blast Resistant Design of Industrial Facilities

산업 시설물의 내폭설계를 위한 폭발하중과 현행 가이드라인의 분석 및 적용안

Seung-Hoon Lee1
,
Han-Soo Kim2*
이 승훈1
,
김 한수2*
1Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architectural Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Rep. of Korea
2Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Rep. of Korea
1건국대학교 건축학부 건축공학전공 박사과정
2건국대학교 건축학부 교수
*Corresponding Author
20 August 2025. pp. 154-166
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study examines vapor cloud explosion as a key hazard in industrial facilities, reviewing explosion types and blast load estimation methods. Existing blast resistant design guidelines are analyzed from structural and site perspectives to assess their scope and applicability. Based on prior research, performance-based blast resistant design concepts such as blast classification, performance objectives, design blast loads, and criteria are defined in a way that reflects domestic conditions. The results provide a foundation for developing blast-resistant design systems for industrial facilities and are expected to support future national design standards.

Keywords
industrial facilities
blast resistant design
blast loads
vapor cloud explosion
performance based design

산업 시설물에서 주요하게 고려되는 증기운 폭발을 중심으로 다양한 폭발 유형 및 폭발하중 산정 방법을 고찰하고 기존의 내폭설계 가이드라인을 구조물 관점과 구획 관점으로 분류하여 구성요소 및 적용성을 체계적으로 검토하였다. 또한, 다양한 연구진이 제안한 성능기반 내폭설계에 대해서 산업 시설물에 적합한 내폭등급, 성능수준, 설계폭발하중의 정의 및 허용응답 기준을 국내 실정에 맞게 정립하였다. 본 연구는 산업 시설물의 구조 안전성 확보를 위한 내폭설계 체계 수립에 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 국내 설계기준 제정에 실질적인 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

키워드
산업 시설물
내폭설계법
폭발하중
증기운 폭발
성능기반설계
References
1

ACI (2014) Report for the Design of Concrete Structures for Blast Effects. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.

2

AIGA (2016) Guideline for the Location of Occupied Buildings in Industrial Gas Plants - AIGA093/16. Singapore: Asia Industrial Gases Association.

3

AISC (2013) Design of Blast Resistant Structures - Design Guide 26. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction.

4

API (2007) Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Portable Buildings. API Recommended Practice 753 (1st Edition). Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute.

5

API (2009) Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Permanent Buildings. API Recommended Practice 752(3rd Edition). Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute.

6

ASCE (2010) Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

7

ASCE (2019) Prestandard for performance-based wind design. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

8

ASCE (2020a) Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical and Other Industrial Facilities. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

9

ASCE (2020b) Performance-Based Structural Fire Design. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

10

ASCE (2021) Structural Design for Physical Security - MOP 142. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

11

ASCE (2025) Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Energy and Industrial Facilities. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

12

ASCE 59-22 (2023) Blast Protection of Buildings - ASCE/SEI 59-22. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

13

ASCE 76-23 (2023) Standard for Mitigation of Disproportionate Collapse Potential in Buildings and Other Structures - ASCE/SEI 76-23. Reston: American Society of Civil Engineers.

14

Baker, Q. A., Tang, M. J., Scheier, E. A., and Silva, G. J. (1994) Vapour cloud explosion analysis. In 28th Loss Prevention Symposium, Atlanta 17-21 April 1994. New York: AIChE.

15

Brasie, W. and Simpson, D. (1968) Guidelines for Estimating Damage Explosion. Loss Prevention 2, 91-102.

16

Cates, A. T. and Samuels, B. (1991) A Simple Assessment Methodology for Vented Explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 4(5), 287-296.

10.1016/0950-4230(91)80042-S
17

CCPS (1994) Guidelines for Evaluating the Characteristics of Vapor Cloud Explosions, Flash Fires, and BLEVEs. New York: Center for Chemical Process Safety.

18

CCPS (2012) Guidelines for Evaluating Process Plant Buildings for External Explosions, Fires, and Toxic Releases. New York: Center for Chemical Process Safety.

19

CCPS (2018) Dealing with Aging Process Facilities and Infrastructure Center for Chemical Process Safety. New York: Center for Chemical Process Safety.

10.1002/9781119430728
20

CIA (2020) Guidance for the Location and Design of Occupied Buildings on Chemical Manufacturing and Similar Major Hazard Sites (4th Edition). London: Chemical Industries Association.

21

CPR 14E (2005) Methods for the Calculation of Physical Effects. The Hague: TNO Committee for the Prevention of Disasters.

22

Decker, D. A. (1974) An analytical method for estimating overpressure from theoretical atmospheric explosions. In NFPA Annual Meeting. Quincy May 1974. Quincy: National Fire Protection Association.

23

DOD (2008) Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions - UFC 3-340-02. Washington, D.C.: US Depart of Defense.

24

DOD (2020) Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings - UFC 4-010-01. Washington, D.C.: US Depart of Defense.

25

Dusenberry, D. O. (2010) Handbook for Blast-Resistant Design of Buildings. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

10.1002/9780470549070
26

Eichler, T. V. and Napadensky, H. S. (1977) Accidental Vapor Phase Explosions on Transportation Routes Near Nuclear Plants. Argonne: Argonne Nat Lab. J6405 ANL-K77-3776-1.

27

FEMA 426 (2003) Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings. Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA 426.

28

HSE (1986) The Effect of Explosions in the Process Industries. Loss Prevention Bulletin, Heath Safety Executive Publications 68, 37-47.

29

HSE (2009) Buncefield Explosion Mechanism Phase 1. UK: Heath Safety Executive. RR718.

30

HSE (2017) Review of Vapour Cloud Explosion Incidents. UK: Heath Safety Executive. RR1113.

31

IS 4991 (2003) Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structure for Explosions above Ground - Indian Standard: 4991. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.

32

Johnson, D. M., Pekalski, A., Tam, V. H. Y., Burgan, B. A., Hoorelbeke, P., Savvides, C., and Allason, D. (2020) Interpretation of Damage Caused by a Vapor Cloud Explosion. Proc. Saf. Prog. 39(2), 12106.

10.1002/prs.12106
33

KDS 41 (2022) Korean Building Structure Design Standard, Ministry of Land. Goyang: Infrastructure and Transport. (In Korean)

34

Koksharov, A., Bykov, V., Kagan, L., and Sivashinsky, G. (2018) Deflagration-to-detonation Transition in an Unconfined Space. Combustion and Flame 195, 163-169.

10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.006
35

Kyei, C. and Braimah, A. (2017) Effects of Transverse Reinforcement Spacing on the Response of Reinforced Concrete Columns Subjected to Blast Loading. Engineering Structures 142, 148-164.

10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.044
36

Lee, S. H. and Kim, H. S. (2022) Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial and Blast Loads Using Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis. J. Comp. Struct. Eng. Inst. Korea 35(3), 141-148. (In Korean)

10.7734/COSEIK.2022.35.3.141
37

Lee, S. H. and Kim, H. S. (2023) Proposal of Framework for Adoption of Performance based Blast Resistant Design in Plant Facilities. J. Arch. Inst. Korea 39(10), 251-262. (In Korean)

10.5659/JAIK.2023.39.10.251
38

Lee, S. H., Choi, B. Y., and Kim, H. S. (2024) Probabilistic Blast Load for Performance-based Blast Resistant Design of Building Structures in Petrochemical Facilities. Journal of Building Engineering 98, 111313.

10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111313
39

Lim, T. H., Lee, S. H., and Kim, H. S. (2025) Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial and Blast Loads Using a Single Degree of Freedom System. J. Comp. Struct. Eng. Inst. Korea 38(3), 147-154. (In Korean)

10.7734/COSEIK.2025.38.3.147
40

Ma, L. L., Wu, H., and Fang, Q. (2023) Performance-based Blast-resistant Design of RC Bridge Piers under Vehicular Bombs. Engineering Structures 291, 116492.

10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116492
41

MARSH (2018) The 100 Largest Losses 1978-2017. UK: MARSH Ltd..

42

NORSOK N-004 (2004) Design of Steel Structures (N-004). Strandveien: Standards Norway.

43

Oran, E. S., Chamberlain, G., and Pekalski, A. (2020) Mechanisms and Occurrence of Detonations in Vapor Cloud Explosions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 77, 100804.

10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100804
44

PIP (2014) Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria. Austin: Construction Industry Institute. PIP STC 01018.

45

Sammarco, E. L., Jones, C. A., Williamson, E. B., and Sprague, H. O. (2014) Design for Blast and Seismic. Structure Magazine March, 10-14.

46

SCI (1999) Protection of Buildings against Explosions. UK: The Steel Construction Institute. SCI Publication 244.

47

Tang, M. J. and Baker, Q. A. (1999) A New Set of Blast Curves from Vapor Cloud Explosion. Proc. Saf. Prog. 18(3), 235-240.

10.1002/prs.680180412
48

UKOOA/HSE (2003) Fire and Explosion Guidance-Part 1: Avoidance and Mitigation of Explosions. London: UK Offshore Operators Association Limited.

49

USACE (2008a) Single Degree of Freedom Structural Response Limits for Antiterrorism Design. Omaha: US Army Corps of Engineers–Protective Design Center. PDC-TR 06-08.

50

USACE (2008b) Methodology Manual for Component Explosive Damage Assessment. Omaha: US Army Corps of Engineers–Protective Design Center. PDC-TR 08-07.

51

USACE (2025) Single Degree of Freedom Structural Response Limits for Antiterrorism Design. Omaha: US Army Corps of Engineers–Protective Design Center. PDC-TR 06-08.

52

Van den Berg, A. C. (1985) The Multi-Energy Method - A Framework for Vapor Cloud Explosion Blast Prediction. Journal of Hazardous Materials 12(1), 1-10.

10.1016/0304-3894(85)80022-4
53

Van den Berg, A. C. and Lannoy, A. (1993) Methods for Vapour Cloud Explosion Blast Modelling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 34(2), 151-171.

10.1016/0304-3894(93)85003-W
54

Wiekema, B. J. (1980) Vapour Cloud Explosion Model. Journal of Hazardous Materials 3(3), 221-232.

10.1016/0304-3894(80)85002-3
Information
  • Publisher :Korea Protective Facility Institute
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국방호시설학회
  • Journal Title :Protective Facility
  • Journal Title(Ko) :방호시설
  • Volume : 2
  • No :3
  • Pages :154-166
  • Received Date : 2025-07-22
  • Revised Date : 2025-07-28
  • Accepted Date : 2025-08-05
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.23310/PF.2025.2.3.154
Journal Informaiton Protective Facility Protective Facility
Online Submission & Review System
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close